Disease | Pathogen | Target species | Contamination mode | zoonotic risk |
Viral zoonosis |
||||
Influenza type A, various subtype including H5N1 |
all birds |
contact with droppings or oculo-nasal secretions |
+ | |
Paramyxovirus of type 1 |
migratory birds |
dust inhalation,eyes contact by rubbing with infected hands |
+/_ conjunctivitis non in Europe since 1999 |
|
Arbovirus (Flaviridae) |
migratory birds |
mosquitoes |
+/_ |
|
Bacterial zoonosis |
|
|||
Chlamydiosis |
Chlamydophila psittaci | Especially Psittaciformes | inhalation of droppings and feathers dust, eyes and nose secretions | ++ |
Campylobacteriosis |
Campylobacter spp. |
all species | fecal-oral pathway | +/_ |
Listeriosis |
Listeria
monocytogenes |
all species | contact, inhalation | +/_ |
Salmonellosis |
Salmonella enterica enterica | all species | fecal-oral pathway | +/_ |
Pseudotuberculosis |
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis |
all species | fecal-oral pathway | +/_ |
Tuberculosis |
Mycobactehum tuberculosis, M. bovis |
psittaciformes | direct contact |
++ Reverse zoonosis: Parrot tuberculosis reveals a human tuberculosis |
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae |
Turkey, other birds | direct contact |
+/_ |
|
Rickettsia spp. |
||||
Parasitic zoonoses |
|
|||
Candida albicans | all species | direct contact | +/_ | |
Cryptosporidiosis |
Cryptosporidium spp. |
passeriformes, psittaciformes | direct, food carrying sporulated oocysts | +/_ |
Red mites |
Dermanyssus gallinae |
columbiformes, chickens, small exotic birds | direct or indirect contact | +/_ |
Giardiasis (beaver fever) |
Giardia psittaci |
cockatiels, Passeriformes | fecal-oral pathway | +/_ |
Toxoplasmosis |
Toxoplasma gondii |
Passeriformes | direct contact | +/_ |
Cryptococcosis |
Cryptococcus neoformans |
pigeons |
droppings |
+/_ |
NB: Aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus, A. Niger, common in psittacine, raptors, blackbirds, ...) is not a really a zoonosis, birds and humans are contaminated by spores present in the same environment. But the birds can be direct vectors.
(From a traduction of a report of the French Veterinarian Academy)